Hispanics are also the nation's largest immigrant group and one of its fastest growing populations. Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. Immigrants are projected to drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population through at least 2035. While this does not necessarily mean that two-thirds of Indian Americans are disconnected from their community, it does suggest that formal participation is somewhat limited. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. If half of all Indian Americans report some form discrimination, this begs the question: Who is discriminating against them? As the figure demonstrates, foreign-born Indian Americans are significantly more likely to have a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin and born in India. 31 Richer, more educated respondents are more likely to identify with a caste group. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. Nearly one in two respondents (45 percent) report discussing politics in the past yearby far the most common activity. To what degree do Indian Americans engage with American politics, their civic community, and Indian culture? 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. For a daily dose of the most relevant Dallas News! This too mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46. Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nations foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. An additional 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, less than the total of the previous year and notably less than in 2007, when they were 8.2 million. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. 3 (2005): 169187. Mexico was the most often mentioned birthplace among respondents in 32 states who indicated they were born outside of the U.S. More than 11 million immigrants, or nearly 25% of all immigrants in the U.S., come from Mexico. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. As figure 18 shows, 43 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans have a social network dominated by Indian-origin friends, compared to 25 percent of respondents born in the United States (adding up the shares of those who say all or most of their friends are of Indian origin). This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. Not Indian-Americans, simply Americans. Around the same time, Nina Davuluri (who was crowned Miss America 2014) remarked, The fact that I am rooted in Indian culture helped me win [the] Miss America pageant.11. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. by subscribing, you agree to our Privacy Policy. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax In 2020, Californias Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against U.S.-based technology company Cisco Systems after an employee from one of Indias historically marginalized caste communities (Dalits) alleged that some of his upper caste Indian American colleagues discriminated against him on the basis of his caste identity.7 The suit, and subsequent media melee, triggered a wave of wrenching testimonials about the entrenched nature of castea marker of hierarchy and status associated with Hinduism (as well as other South Asian religions)within the diaspora community in the United States.8, More recently, there has been a troubling surge in hate crimes targeting Asian Americans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. All attitudinal and perceptual measures and variables discussed in this paper are self-reported measures by respondents. Responses are disaggregated by respondents place of birth. Devesh Kapur is the Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies and director of Asia Programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. Give Orange. First, as noted above, the data on caste identification is restricted to Hindu respondents. A very small proportion, just 5 percent, state that they feel neither Indian nor American. Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. This final section examines how respondents relate to the Indian American community. For respondents who experienced discrimination, the survey asks whether the perpetrators of discrimination were Indian, non-Indian, or both (see figure 28). What is the largest immigrant group in America? Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Rounding out the list, 41 percent report celebrating Holi (the Indian festival of colors that traditionally marks the beginning of Spring), 39 percent celebrate Valentines Day, 35 percent mark Indian Independence Day (August 15), and 20 percent commemorate Eid. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. India tops that list in 21 states. A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. Given that there are many more Indian Americans who are Hindu in the IAAS sampleand the fact that nearly half of Christians and Muslims report that all or most of their friends share their religionthis means that both Christians and Muslims have substantially more religious homophily, relative to Hindus. Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. While caste is most commonly associated with Hinduism, caste hierarchies and caste self-identification are prevalent in most, if not all, of Indias major religions. The states with the largest number of immigrants from India are California, New Jersey, and New York. What do the social networks of Indian Americans look like? On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. Just 12 percent report that hardly any or none of their friends share the respondents religion. The results are shown in figure 22. 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. CORRECTION (Sept. 21, 2020): An update to the methodology used to tabulate figures in the chartAmong new immigrant arrivals, Asians outnumber Hispanicshas changed all figures from 2001 and 2012. Twenty-eight percent respond in the affirmativethat political divisions in India are infecting dynamics within the Indian community in the United States. Indeed, a plurality (44 percent) of Indian Americans born in the United States say that they feel more American than Indian (compared to 23 percent of foreign-born respondents). Other popular home states include Delhi (9 percent), Punjab (8 percent), and Kerala (7 percent). The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with the research and analytics firm YouGov. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. YouGov employs a sophisticated sample matching procedure to ensure that the respondent pool is representative of the Indian American community in the United States, using data from the ACS as a target sample frame. Report. However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. Not only are Hindus less likely to report attending religious services, but they are also less likely to say that they pray. As with political parties in the American context, there is a certain degree of asymmetric polarization as far as supporters of the Congress and the BJP are concerned, although both groups are generally more hostile toward supporters of the opposing Indian party than is true in the analogous case of Republicans and Democrats (see figure 24). While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested. We are grateful to the team at the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. Thirty-one percent state that they feel more American than Indian and 19 percent state the conversethat they feel more Indian than American. Nearly half of all Muslims (48 percent) say they attend religious services regularly as well. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. Twenty-seven percent of respondents report that they attend religious services (apart from weddings and funerals) once a week or more than once a week. Immigrants convicted of a crime made up the less than half of deportations in 2018, the most recent year for which statistics by criminal status are available. At the time, most immigrants from what was then British India were in fact Sikhs, not Hindus. Cuba 16,367. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). The next largest origin groups were those from China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (4%) and El Salvador (3%). Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. 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