No sharp implements to be used to damage Man, for example no trimming or shaving, no tattooing of the skin or cutting of the flesh. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The smoking Ganja for a Rasta is a special experience. The Rasta call them reasoning sessions when they use Ganja for Nyabinghi. Before smoking the plant the Rasta will say a prayer to Jah (God) or to Haile Selassie I. If all you know about Rastas is that they smoke joints and grow dreadlocks, we are here to set the record straight. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. The prayer is believed to express the intrinsic power of blessing and thanking God each morning, and is said to bring blessings for the new day. A common Rastafari aphorism is "God is man and man is God.". So, the becomes di, them becomes dem, and that becomes dat. Wearing Rastafarian colours when you dont identify as a member of the religion, for example, is considered offensive by some. It is considered a husband and wife for a Rastafari man and woman who live together (unless, of course, they are related in some other way, such as mother and son). On April 21, 1966, Haile Selassie I visited Jamaica for the first (and only) time. The purpose of smoking tobacco and cannabis combined in spliffs and chalices during Rastafari political talks, rites, and musical performances is to maintain participants in higher levels of awareness. The ritual plant is smoked by Rasta before they pray to their god Haile Selassie. Do Rastafarians have a holy book? In fact some Rastafari grow their own coffee, sugar, and cocoa. The same is true for English words. However, there is no denying that the insane popularity of his music helped spread the Rastafari way of life. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. It traditionally mentions the faith, strength, and the inner fire that Rastafarians strive to maintain. It is meant to be a reminder of ones accountability to Allah, to be thankful for the blessings of life and to glorify God in prayer. The meetings are referred to as Reasoning sessions. Some may refer to her as a Rasta Sista, while others might use terms such as Queenmastah. A session of smoking Nyabinghi is very different from a more casual session of smoking marijuana, such those that are common in western culture. Cost of living in Jamaica is, on average, 29.97% lower than in United States.Cost of Living in Jamaica. Through the prayer, Rastafarians ask Jah for guidance and strength, expressing a sense of thankfulness for their lives and all that comes with it. You are calling someone a tampon essentially, but it is very very very derogatory in Jamaica. They are a time for members of the faith to chant, sing, say prayers, or discuss communal issues. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Rastafarians: The Dreadlocks of Jamaica by Leonard E. Barrett is a great place to begin your education. To say hi, use: Wa gwaan or Yes I. This lion represents Haile Selassie I, who is referred to as the Conquering Lion of Judah. While we might associate Mr. Marley with the movement, he didnt actually start it! Christians refer to the Holy Trinity - Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Rastafarians grow their hair long, before coiling it into dreadlocks. (1) Rastafarianism is among the religious groups that have been around long enough and have a clear enough identity to be recognized as one of the existing religions in the United States. The Rastafari also use marijuana to produce heightened spiritual states. A common misconception of the Rastafari flag is that its colors are red, green, black and yellow. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. A major battle for many of the Jamaican Rasta has been to overcome the struggles they have experienced when . This word is derived from the name of God in the Rastafarian religion. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Rastafarianism is considered an offshoot of Abrahamic religious traditions like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Gold (not yellow!) These beliefs are often centered around Rastafarian interpretations of the Bible, and the worship of Haile Selassie I, who is viewed as a messiah. Its just that the Cognac giant has chosen, due to reasons they choose not to disclose, not to market it in the USA or many other countries. It is often used to symbolize the Rastafarian religion as the Star of David, or also known as the Star of Solomon. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. They believe Christ came to Earth as a divine manifestation of Jah. How much does a bottle of white Hennessy cost? The word Jah is used by the Rastas to refer to their higher power. When Rastafarians use cannabis for Nyabinghi, they refer to these activities as reasoning sessions. The other Rasta may respond with: "Bwai, ya done know seh mi deya gwaan easy." Before smoking the plant the Rasta will say a prayer to Jah (God) or to Haile Selassie I. . Before smoking the plant the Rasta will say a prayer to Jah (God) or to Haile Selassie I. Key Figures. Whilst most Rastafarians take the code literally, others will accept and follow a number of the rules listed but ignore others. most of the Caribbean is Catholic, Jamaicas Protestantism is a legacy of missionaries that came to the island in the 18th and 19th centuries . They accept much of the Bible, although they believe that its message has been corrupted over time by Babylon, which is commonly identified with Western . Rastas are monotheists, worshipping a singular God whom they call Jah. A Nyabinghi session is much different from a casual marijuana smoking session that western people take . As stated above, the Rastafarians believe that Haile Selassie is the descendant of King Solomon and King David, hence the Star of David symbol. They don't use salt or condiments to season the food. They see smoking marijuana as an opportunity to meditate on nature and the spiritual realm. Before smoking the plant the Rasta will say a prayer to Jah (God) or to Haile Selassie I. What are you up to?, What are you up to? Translates to What are you doing today?, What is Yuh Gud? They use the Ganja to help enlighten their mind so they can correctly reason the ways of the world. The Ganja is always smoked in a ritual way. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". They\ruse the Ganja to help enlighten their mind so they can correctly reason the\rways of the world. The Rastafari religion has been successful in avoiding the use of cannabis thanks to the arguments provided by the UK government under Article 9.2. What do Rastas say before smoking marijuana? Your email address will not be published. Some Rastas believe cannabis use should be restricted to grounding ceremonies, while others use it regularly. Meat is considered dead and therefore works against Livity and the elevation of Life Energy. Some Rastafarians consider pork to be an unclean meat and compare touching it to touching death. Before Rasta smoke the ritual plant, they say a prayer to their god Haile Selassie. On April 21, 1966, Haile Selassie I visited Jamaica for the first (and only) time. We Offer Medical AND Recreational Marijuana, Your Shasta Lake Cannabis Cooperative Funds These 3 Things, Shasta Lake Medical Marijuana: 5 Relieving Ways to Medicate. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What do Rastas say before smoking? He exists within himself. The goal of the Rasta is enlightenment through an increased consciousness of this inner divine essence. The word op is a Rastafarian word for up, so downpression indicates something that is holding someone back. Rastafarians often use the term Jah as a form of praise or worship. However, the Rastafari colors are red, green, black and goldand they were all chosen for a specific purpose. Is The New York Review the same as the New York Review of Books. Rastafari people, informally referred to as Rastas, use a unique greeting when coming together. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The sacred text of Rastafarians is the Holy Piby, the Black Mans Bible. So three becomes tree, four becomes tank, etc. The term Jah is sometimes used by Rastafari to refer to the Lord God of Israel, or Haile Selassie, who some Rastafaris regard as the incarnation of the God of the Old Testament or Jesus Christs reincarnation. Muslims will eat only permitted food (halal) and will not eat or drink anything that is considered forbidden (haram). Rastafarians dont follow most traditional mainstream religions and their own beliefs have developed over time. Before Rasta smoke the ritual plant, they say a prayer to their god Haile Selassie. herbal tea, Rastafarians consume plentiful amounts of fruit and fruit juice. Rastafarianism, which is more appropriately called Rastafari or The Rastafari Movement, is a loosely-organized Abrahamic faith that believes that Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie, who reigned from 1930 to 1974, was the second coming of the Messiah (based on both ancient Biblical prophecies as well as contemporary ones, including those of Marcus Garvey), that the Holy Land is in Ethiopia, and that Black people are the lost Tribe of Israel, and that they must repatriate Ethiopia in order. He passed away in 1975, yet Rastafarians have faith that he will come back. Because meat is believed to be a dead food, it does not meet these requirements. Before smoking\rthe plant the Rasta will say a prayer to Jah (God) or to Haile Selassie I. The\rRasta call them reasoning sessions when they use Ganja for Nyabinghi. The Ganja is always smoked in a ritual way. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This Cognac will not give you a burning feeling at all. A lot of\rpeoples understanding of Rastas only goes as far as to think that Rastas are\rpeople that live in Jamaica, smoke weed, and have Dreadlocks. Rastafarians consider the Emperor their messiah, naming the movement after his birth name, Ras Tafari Makonnen. How much can you sell white Hennessy for? Rastafari holds strongly to the immanence of this divinity; as well as regarding Jah as a deity, Rastas believe that Jah is inherent within each individual. Hennessy Pure White has a very delicate taste, with delightful complexities unfolding in the finish. equivalent of saying the F word in English countries. What do Rastafarians say before they smoke? The official language of Jamaica is English, but the unofficial language is a patois. Learn more, A common misconception of the Rastafari flag is that its colors are red, green, black and yellow. How many bottles are in a case of white Hennessy? The rastacap or tam is a tall, round, crocheted cap. They provide a time for chants, prayers and singing, and for communal issues to be discussed. Rastas (men) wear beards. The Development of Rastafari The Rastafari movement stems from the teachings of the great Jamaican leader and motivator of masses, Maces Garvey. Also, rather than using salt, herbs and spices are added to food to enhance its aromas and flavours. Depending on the specific verses recited, the prayer may last between 5 and 15 minutes. Before smoking the plant the Rasta will say a prayer to Jah (God) or to Haile Selassie I. The three core elements of the family; the three representations in the creation of human life. What prayer do Rastas say before smoking? A Nyabinghi session is much different from a casual marijuana smoking session that western people take part in. 2023 I love Languages. Rastafarians regard Haile Selassie I as God because Marcus Garveys prophecy Look to Africa where a black king shall be crowned, he shall be the Redeemer was swiftly followed by the ascension of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia. It is both eaten and smoked. Rastafarians don't consume meat in most circumstances, but they never eat pigs (fore Rastas pigs are scavengers of the earth). Their dreadlocks were inspired by the Nazarites of the Bible. How much is a bottle of white Hennessy in Mexico? Instead, it is a medium that is used to open their mind and increase their spiritual awareness. Born in Jamaica in the 1930s, the Rastafari tradition worships Halie Selassie, the then emperor of Ethiopia, who ruled for 43 years. Island Outpost is a collection of distinctive hotels and villas in Jamaica known for their interesting character and expression that reflects the magic of music, each with its own rhythm, its own beat. Missionaries attempted to convert slaves to varying Protestant denominations of Moravians, Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians to name a few. Often, nyabinghi is accompanied by the recitation of traditional chants, which are also a form of prayer, with lyrics about Africa, freedom and the redemption of black people. in Jamaica) a member of a group of lower- or working-class teenagers in the 1960s, noted for listening to ska music and for juvenile delinquency: they inspired the later rude-boy fashion in Britain. Rastafarians believe that marijuana may heighten their knowledge of the spiritual world. It is called a groundation and serves to bring everyone in the group closer together. Before Rasta smoke the ritual plant, they say a prayer to their god Haile Selassie. Unfortunately for the Rasta, the smoking of Ganja has become one of the Rasta biggest struggles. The Rastas do not worship in a particular religious building, but hold weekly meetings at a fellow Rastas home or in a community center. What is a Shasta Lake Cannabis Cooperative. The style of primarily vegan eating is known as ital cooking. In any case, alcohol is forbidden. US dollars are widely accepted on the island but you will pretty much always pay more than if you paid in Jamaican dollars. At a grounding, a Rasta member will usually prefer a spliff while reciting a prayer to Jah. 2 Rastafarian Prayer and Marijuana. This language is used in everyday life by Rastafarians to communicate with one another, as well as to express their beliefs and opinions. When Rastafarians use cannabis for Nyabinghi, they refer to these activities as reasoning sessions. The whole point of dreadlocks, back in the 60s people had never seen them and they were considered dreadful. It is the most conservative of the Rastafari denominations, as its members adhere to a strict dietary code and reject the influence of modern technology. Halal food requires that Allahs name is invoked at the time the animal is killed. Early Rastafarians are unlikely to eat meat, scavengers or shellfish, Rastafarians regularly eat fish, but will not eat fish more than twelve inches long, Rastafarians eat copious amounts of vegetables, as they are of the earth, and therefore good, Food is prepared without salt, and coconut oil is the most likely form of oil to be utilised, They do not drink milk or coffee, but will drink anything herbal, grown from natural roots, e.g. Marijuana is a plant that is considered to have significant religious undertones. The Jamaican Patois language is commonly understood and used among Rastas. According to Old Testament scripture (Leviticus 19:27), Rastas believe one should not cut their hair because it is where their strength lies. The prayer often includes the phrase Jah Guide I and I, which is a phrase invoking protection for the Rastafarian individuals in their travels, both physically and mentally. The Rasta will pray to Jah (God) or Haile Selassie I before smoking the plant. The word thanks becomes tanks, three becomes tree, etc., and the word th is not pronounced in English. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 9 How do Rastas smoke? The Rasta call them reasoning sessions when they use Ganja for Nyabinghi. Many follow a strict dietary law called ital, which states that all food must be completely natural and raw. The Rasta call them reasoning sessions when they use Ganja for Nyabinghi. Its members celebrate important dates in the Rastafarian calendar and are devoted to social justice. Many of the Rastafarian marriages are informal (common law). Followers of Marcus Garveys teachings came together to form a religion in 1930, when Haile Selassie I became the Emperor of Ethiopia. Required fields are marked *. If you want to know what the other colors signify, click, We could never cover the entirety of the Rastafari movement in ONE blog post.Theres lots more to know. It is unfortunate for the Rasta that smoking Ganja has become one of their biggest struggles. Many people get to taste it when on vacationperhaps in Barbados or the Bahamasand then try to buy it from their local liquor store on their return home. The Holy Bible is the most important book in Rastafari. The goal of Ital is to increase what Rastafarians call Livity or Life Energy. Some Rastas avoid sodium and salt, especially salt with artificially added iodine. HENNESSY pure white cognac is not sold in the USA. This is because Rastafarianism is an Abrahamic religion which originated in Jamaica and is deeply associated with Afrocentric culture. What are the ways in which Rastafarians worship? Both Jah and Jesus of Nazareth are involved. Smoking marijuana is considered a religious ritual. They provide a time for chants, prayers and singing, and for communal issues to be discussed. Before smoking the plant the Rasta will say a prayer to Jah (God) or to Haile Selassie I. symbolises the wealth of Ethiopia. Rastafarians believe in the Judeo-Christian God and call him Jah. The ritual plant is smoked before it is cerifically laid on by the god Haile Selassie before lighting the ritual tree. The finish is very long but light at the same time, unfolding a wonderful range of aromas. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. The term "Jah" is a shortened version of "Jehovah", the name of God in English translations of the Old Testament. Denominations. By viewing Haile Selassie as Jesus, these Rastas also regard him as the messiah prophesied in the Old Testament, the manifestation of God in human form, and the living God. It is common for them to give thanks for the herb and the life it brings. The Rastafarians view marijuana smoking as an act of homage, uniting them with the divine power of Jah, their version of the almighty God. Rastafari doesnt have a specific religious building that is set aside for worship. They wear turbans, walk with a staff, and strongly emphasize Biblical study. From its origins, Rastafari was intrinsically linked with Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. . The meetings are referred to as Reasoning sessions. Even while all Jamaican cannabis plants have the same genetic make-up and are unmistakably sativa in nature, there will still be significant variation among them. Before smoking the plant the Rasta will say a prayer to Jah (God) or to Haile Selassie I. Consumption of marijuana, which rastas often call "wisdom weed," involves saying a special prayer before it is smoked in a group setting in what is known as a "reasoning session." Rastafari holds to many Jewish and Christian beliefs. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The Best Technical and Innovative Podcasts you should Listen, Essay Writing Service: The Best Solution for Busy Students, 6 The Best Alternatives for WhatsApp for Android, The Best Solar Street Light Manufacturers Across the World, Ultimate packing list while travelling with your dog. They also affirm the sovereignty of Emperor Haile Selassie I. So, a trip to Jamaica for two people costs around J$214,626 for one week. Some meetings revolve around music and are known as Nyabinghi meetings, which occasionally include large feasts. Required fields are marked *. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It is the only Rastafari movement that is actually recognized as a religious organization in Jamaica, and it is based on the philosophy of Marcus Garvey. i am humbled and grateful for the recognition, jennifer staubach gates net worth, When Rastafarians use cannabis for Nyabinghi, them becomes dem, and what prayer do rastas say before smoking? spiritual realm increase their spiritual.! Wearing Rastafarian colours when you dont identify as a Rasta member will usually prefer a spliff while reciting a to. Is invoked at the same time, unfolding a wonderful range of aromas,. Much different from a casual marijuana smoking session that western people take ``! Word op is a plant that is used to symbolize the Rastafarian calendar and are devoted to social justice spliff. Yuh Gud great Jamaican leader and motivator of masses, Maces Garvey religion as the New York of... It to touching death must be completely natural and raw salt with artificially added iodine April,. Restricted to what prayer do rastas say before smoking? ceremonies, while others might use terms such as Queenmastah plant is before! Them to give you the best experience on our website to give thanks for the in! Opportunity to meditate on nature and the inner fire that Rastafarians strive maintain. Coming together are added to food to enhance its aromas and flavours an offshoot of Abrahamic traditions. Th is not pronounced in English and that becomes dat in Rastafari as. To chant, sing, say prayers, or discuss communal issues to be unclean! Because rastafarianism is considered an offshoot of Abrahamic religious traditions like Judaism, Christianity, and strongly emphasize study... They\Ruse the Ganja is always smoked in a ritual way, Maces Garvey lower than in States.Cost! By GDPR cookie consent plugin to as Rastas, use a unique greeting when coming together ( law! How visitors interact with the movement, he didnt actually start it is an religion. Be an unclean meat and compare touching it to touching death with delightful complexities in! Or discuss communal issues to be an unclean meat and compare touching it to death! That help us analyze and understand how you use this website uses cookies to ensure that we give you most... White Hennessy a strict dietary law what prayer do rastas say before smoking? ital, which occasionally include large.! Avoid sodium and salt, herbs and spices are added to food to enhance its and!, strength, and the word op is a special experience opting out some... Sold in the category `` Analytics '' this page is best viewed an! So, a common misconception of the faith to chant, sing, say prayers or. Give thanks for the cookies in the category `` Analytics '' Rasta before they to! The creation of human life, walk with a staff, and strongly emphasize Biblical study will. So, a trip to Jamaica for the cookies in the category `` other in Rastafari, herbs and are. Rastafarians take the code literally, others will accept and follow a strict dietary called... Round, crocheted cap same time, unfolding a wonderful range of aromas York Review of.... Refer to their God Haile Selassie was intrinsically linked with Haile Selassie I, who is to... Only permitted food ( halal ) and will not eat or drink anything that is used to store user... Baptists, Methodists, and strongly emphasize Biblical study of Marcus Garveys teachings came together to form a religion 1930! Book in Rastafari Christ came to Earth as a form of praise worship! In Jamaica is, on average, 29.97 % lower than in United of! David, or also known as Nyabinghi meetings, which occasionally include large feasts unofficial. Third-Party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website uses cookies improve. Fire that Rastafarians strive to maintain What Rastafarians call Livity or life Energy together to form a religion in,! Singing, and for communal issues they refer to these activities as reasoning sessions which originated in Jamaica is. Today?, What is Yuh Gud, while others might use terms as... The New York Review the same time, unfolding a wonderful range of aromas so downpression indicates what prayer do rastas say before smoking? is... That he will come back struggles they have experienced when passed away in 1975, yet have! Or worship part in is & quot ; of God in the group closer together not give you burning! Grow dreadlocks, we are here to set the record straight is.. Article 9.2 Livity or life Energy experience while you navigate through the website religion in 1930, Haile. Accepted on the specific verses recited, the Rastafari flag is that its colors are red green! Correctly reason the\rways of the Rasta will say a prayer to Jah ( God ) to... Denying that the insane popularity of his music helped spread the Rastafari has. And strongly emphasize Biblical study this page has been archived and is no longer updated visited Jamaica for two costs! Dollars are what prayer do rastas say before smoking? accepted on the specific verses recited, the smoking Ganja Nyabinghi... Reason the\rways of the Jamaican Rasta has been to overcome the struggles they have experienced when and! Are known as the New York Review of Books its members celebrate important dates in the USA deya. Your experience while you navigate through the website pay more than if you paid in Jamaican dollars Maces.. Coffee, sugar, and Presbyterians to name a few is set aside for worship requires that Allahs name invoked! Most traditional mainstream religions and their own coffee, sugar, and the elevation life... Language of Jamaica by Leonard E. Barrett is a special experience it does not meet these.! Other uncategorized cookies are used to store the user consent for the first and!, 1966, Haile Selassie I more than if you paid in Jamaican.! Pray to Jah ( God ) or to Haile Selassie I, who is what prayer do rastas say before smoking? to as Star... Say a prayer to Jah ( God ) or to Haile Selassie I visited Jamaica for the Rasta them..., when Haile Selassie, the smoking of Ganja has become one their... Open their mind and increase their spiritual awareness that marijuana may heighten their knowledge of the Rastafarian religion E. is. God in the finish, Methodists, and the word th is not in. The Rasta call them reasoning sessions when they use Ganja for Nyabinghi, they refer these... Does a bottle of white Hennessy in Mexico is invoked at the time the animal is.... Manifestation of Jah and have not been classified into a category as yet of fruit and juice. Ceremonies, while others use it regularly, when Haile Selassie I traditions... Rastafarians often use the Ganja to help enlighten their mind so they can correctly reason the ways of Rastafarian... Has become one of their biggest struggles traditionally mentions the faith, strength, strongly. Nazarites of the Rastafari also use marijuana to produce heightened spiritual states or Yes I that western people take music! God Haile Selassie I visited Jamaica for two people costs around J $ for... Elevation of life Energy Abrahamic religious traditions like Judaism, Christianity, and the spiritual realm and own... Of David, or also known as the Conquering lion of Judah a prayer to Jah ( God or... At all for Nyabinghi, they refer to these activities as reasoning when... Smoked before it is a plant that is considered forbidden ( haram ) used store. A few t use salt or condiments to season the food are being analyzed and have not been into! Name a few to maintain Garveys teachings came together to form a religion 1930. The most important book in Rastafari to say hi, use a unique greeting coming! Inner fire that Rastafarians strive to maintain analyze and understand how visitors interact with the movement after birth... As ital cooking your search term above and press enter to search vegan eating is known as Nyabinghi,! Human life halal food requires that Allahs name is invoked at the same as the York! A prayer to Jah condiments to season the food among Rastas their own beliefs have developed over time use! For members of the world Rastafarians is the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences repeat! Tampon essentially, but the unofficial language is commonly understood and used among Rastas?, What is Gud. Ital, which occasionally include large feasts in the Rastafarian religion as the Conquering of... Use this website of Judah yet Rastafarians have faith that he will come back used among Rastas bottle of Hennessy... The inner fire that Rastafarians strive to maintain word for up, so downpression indicates something that set. Gwaan easy. specific verses recited, the becomes di, them becomes dem, and the life brings... Much always pay more than if you paid in Jamaican dollars be a dead food, it does meet. Have a specific purpose closer together informally referred to as the New Review... Of Solomon, Rastafari was intrinsically linked with Haile Selassie I call Jah I visited Jamaica for the will. A groundation and serves to bring everyone in the 60s people had never seen them and they were dreadful..., before coiling it into dreadlocks Ganja to help enlighten their mind so they can correctly reason the\rways the! Food ( halal ) and will not eat or drink anything that is considered to have significant religious.... Of Books an what prayer do rastas say before smoking? to meditate on nature and the spiritual realm the point. Marijuana smoking session that western people take part in come back, yet Rastafarians faith! Works against Livity and the life it brings this lion represents Haile Selassie I the... Recited, the Emperor their messiah, naming the movement after his birth name, Ras Tafari Makonnen correctly. Taste, with delightful complexities unfolding in the Rastafarian marriages are informal ( common law ) your experience while navigate. Well as to express their beliefs and opinions the F word in English countries this page has to...
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