The seven sins are personified and they give a confession to the personification of Repentance in William Langland's Piers Plowman. Dante's definition of pride was "love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for one's neighbour". The seven deadly sins include lust, gluttony, greed, laziness, wrath, envy and pride. The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices, or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings,[1] although they are not mentioned in the Bible. In his two-volume biography of Adolf Hitler, historian Ian Kershaw uses both 'hubris' and 'nemesis' as titles. By this definition, evil exists when "good" people fail to act. What is your sin? Pride: a sense of one's self-worth that is out of proportion to reality. Sloth hinders the man in his righteous undertakings and thus becomes a terrible source of human's undoing. Envy can be directly related to the Ten Commandments, specifically, "Neither shall you covet ... anything that belongs to your neighbour"—a statement that may also be related to greed. Each member possesses a commandment and can endue on whoever breaks it. Mentally, acedia has a number of distinctive components of which the most important is affectlessness, a lack of any feeling about self or other, a mind-state that gives rise to boredom, rancor, apathy, and a passive inert or sluggish mentation. In our time it is difficult to overstate the harm caused by the widespread tolerance and celebration … [2] According to the standard list, they are pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, and sloth,[2] which are contrary to the seven heavenly virtues. 1. Edmund Burke (1729–1797) wrote in Present Discontents (II. Sloth has also been defined as a failure to do things that one should do. Thomas Aquinas uses and defends Gregory's list in his Summa Theologica although he calls them the "capital sins" because they are the head and form of all the others. Welcome to the den of sin. The Sins were captured by the wizard Shazam many years ago, and encased in seven mockingly cartoon-like stone statues, which … Ever wanted to know which Deadly Sin you are? Step in and see. The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices, or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings, although they are not mentioned in the Bible. Originating in Christian theology, the seven deadly sins are pride, envy, gluttony, greed, lust, sloth, and wrath. It arises from vainglory,[36] and severs a man from his neighbor. [47] In other words, the modern definition may be thought of as, "that pride that goes just before the fall." Which of the Seven Deadly Sins are you? Borrowing from this tradition, Pope Gregory I analyzed the cardinal sins in his authoritative 6th-century text Moralia and trimmed their number to seven. The Seven Deadly Sins (Nanatsu no Taizai / 七つの大罪) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki. December 2013, Vol 44, No. Bertrand Russell said that envy was one of the most potent causes of unhappiness,[38][page needed] bringing sorrow to committers of envy whilst giving them the urge to inflict pain upon others. I have written a book called The Deadly Seven in which an 11-year-old boy called Nelson has the seven deadly sins extracted from his soul and turned into … The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, are a classification of vices (part of Christian ethics) that has been used since early Christian times to educate and instruct Christians concerning the fallen humanity's tendency to sin. Pride is also referred to as "pride that blinds," as it often causes a committer of pride to act in foolish ways that belie common sense. 2. [30] Like pride, it can lead to not just some, but all evil. ", Benjamin Franklin said "In reality there is, perhaps no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride. Revised by Sir Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie. His first epistles say that "to flee vice is the beginning of virtue, and to have got rid of folly is the beginning of wisdom. Directed by David Fincher. However, lust could also mean other forms of unbridled desire, such as for money or power. [39] It is also thought to be the source of the other capital sins. Deadly Sin Quiz: Which of the Seven Deadly Sins Are You? Which of The Seven Deadly Sins (Anime) Are You? Feelings of wrath can manifest in different ways, including impatience, hateful misanthropy, revenge, and self-destructive behavior, such as drug abuse or suicide. It goes: Do not store up resentment against your neighbor, no matter what his offence; do nothing in a fit of anger. The seven deadly sins are a list of specific sins historically discussed in the Catholic Church to teach followers about the universal nature of sin and the destruction it causes. Proverbs 6:16-19 “There are six things the LORD hates, seven that are detestable to him: haughty eyes, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that devises wicked schemes, feet that are quick to rush into evil, a false witness who pours out lies For Chaucer, human's sin consists of languishing and holding back, refusing to undertake works of goodness because, he/she tells him/her self, the circumstances surrounding the establishment of good are too grievous and too difficult to suffer. Hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, especially by means of violence, trickery, or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by greed. For even if I could conceive that I had completely overcome it, I should probably be proud of my humility. What are the seven deadly sins and how do they apply to our lives? The list was developed in the fourth century C.E. [citation needed], One reason for its condemnation is that gorging by the prosperous may leave the needy hungry. [33], In his Purgatorio Dante portrayed the penance for acedia as running continuously at top speed. [2], Sloth (Latin: tristitia or acedia ("without care")) refers to a peculiar jumble of notions, dating from antiquity and including mental, spiritual, pathological, and physical states. Abusing one's passions with wrath or a lack of passion as with sloth also weighs down the soul but not as much as the abuse of one's rational faculty. Envy is said to be the motivation behind Cain murdering his brother, Abel, as Cain envied Abel because God favored Abel's sacrifice over Cain's. He is energetic, curious, and enjoys traveling the world with his… This tale and Dante's work both show how the seven deadly sins were used for confessional purposes or as a way to identify, repent of, and find forgiveness for one's sins. It is related to melancholy: acedia describes the behaviour and melancholy suggests the emotion producing it. With Morgan Freeman, Brad Pitt, Kevin Spacey, Andrew Kevin Walker. A Greek-English Lexicon. [31] Spiritually, acedia first referred to an affliction attending religious persons, especially monks, wherein they became indifferent to their duties and obligations to God. Information and commentary on the Seven Deadly Sins, the Seven Heavenly Virtues, and more. When the character goes to Los Angeles, for example, she is outraged by injustice, but is told that wrath against capitalism is a sin that she must avoid. It seems your question was misinterpreted. ], According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the neutral act of anger becomes the sin of wrath when it is directed against an innocent person, when it is unduly strong or long-lasting, or when it desires excessive punishment. [65][66], The Dutch artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder created a series of prints showing each of the seven deadly sins. Much of the 10th and part of 11th chapter of the Book of Sirach discusses and advises about pride, hubris, and who is rationally worthy of honor. [Gen 25:30], Greed (Latin: avaritia), also known as avarice, cupidity, or covetousness, is, like lust and gluttony, a sin of desire. [33], Sloth not only subverts the livelihood of the body, taking no care for its day-to-day provisions, but also slows down the mind, halting its attention to matters of great importance. The seven ‘deadly sins’ An education law expert explained what they are and how to avoid them. Seven things that are considered the worst things to do. [1], The seven deadly sins, along with the sins against the Holy Ghost and the sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance, are especially deplored in Western Christian traditions.[6]. [citation needed], Between 1945 and 1949, the American painter Paul Cadmus created a series of vivid, powerful, and gruesome paintings of each of the seven deadly sins. In the seven capital sins are seven ways of eternal death. Pride (Latin: superbia) is considered, on almost every list, the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins. What the weak head with strongest bias rules, Is pride, the never-failing vice of fools. In medieval England, Geoffrey Chaucer ended The Canterbury Tales with a discussion of the sins. We call the results of these sins consquences "[50] Joseph Addison states that "There is no passion that steals into the heart more imperceptibly and covers itself under more disguises than pride."[51]. 1. In Dante's Inferno, unforgiven souls guilty of lust are eternally blown about in restless hurricane-like winds symbolic of their own lack of self-control of their lustful passions in earthly life. The seven deadly sins refer to behaviors and habits that are considered among the most cardinal vices under Christian teachings. [35], In her introduction to Purgatory, Dorothy L. Sayers describes wrath as "love of justice perverted to revenge and spite". The sinners that Dante encounters in the Inferno are each punished in accordance with which of the seven deadly sins they were most guilty of while they were alive. Seven Deadly Sins. The Dark Dream Begins 24m. [69], Ferdinand Mount maintains that liquid currentness, especially through tabloids, has surprisingly given valor to vices, causing society to regress into that of primitive pagans: "covetousness has been rebranded as retail therapy, sloth is downtime, lust is exploring your sexuality, anger is opening up your feelings, vanity is looking good because you're worth it and gluttony is the religion of foodies". Only pride is represented by a woman, the others all represented by male characters. It also indicates love for those outside one's immediate family, specifically forming a new family with one's "beloved". In this context the term has been used to describe how certain leaders, when put to positions of immense power, seem to become irrationally self-confident in their own abilities, increasingly reluctant to listen to the advice of others and progressively more impulsive in their actions.[47]. St. Thomas Aquinas’s Summa Theologica and Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy are perhaps the best-known examples of medieval Italian thought on the seven deadly sins. Which of the Seven Deadly Sins Are You? The “seven deadly sins” were originally based on a list of eight principal vices. The Seven Deadly Sins travel to a remote land in search of the phantom ingredient "sky fish." Well, this is not true that God will not forgive these sins … [29], Of these, ardenter is often considered the most serious, since it is a passion for a mere earthly pleasure, which can make the committer eat impulsively, or even reduce the goals of life to mere eating and drinking. [5], Envy (Latin: invidia), like greed and lust, is characterized by an insatiable desire. The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things, love God with all one's heart, all one's mind and all one's soul, The Fable of The Bees: or, Private Vices, Public Benefits, "NPNF-211. Your race is a predetermined race based upon your sin. It is valuable to name and begin to understand these deep drives of sin within us because the more we do so the more we can grow in self-knowledge. In the Christian context, gluttony is… The seven deadly sins were first enumerated—then eight in total—by the Christian ascetic Evagrius Ponticus in the 4th century CE. Also known as hubris (from ancient Greek ὕβρις), or futility, it is identified as dangerously corrupt selfishness, the putting of one's own desires, urges, wants, and whims before the welfare of other people. Lewis writes, in Mere Christianity, that pride is the "anti-God" state, the position in which the ego and the self are directly opposed to God: "Unchastity, anger, greed, drunkenness, and all that, are mere fleabites in comparison: it was through Pride that the devil became the devil: Pride leads to every other vice: it is the complete anti-God state of mind. [5], Emotionally and cognitively, the evil of acedia finds expression in a lack of any feeling for the world, for the people in it, or for the self. Hawk is the perfect Sagittarius in Seven Deadly Sins. The Seven Deadly Sins have brought peace back to Liones Kingdom, but their adventures are far from over as new challenges and old friends await. After teasing a couple of different climaxes, Nakaba Suzuki's The Seven Deadly Sins truly came to an end with Chapter 346 of the series. While the state and habit of sloth is a mortal sin, the habit of the soul tending towards the last mortal state of sloth is not mortal in and of itself except under certain circumstances. Dante describes acedia as the "failure to love God with all one's heart, all one's mind and all one's soul"; to him it was the "middle sin", the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. The earliest Christians did not understand the seven cardinal sins to be deadly. Further, it helps us to “know their moves” and gain mastery over them. In Dante's Divine Comedy, the penitents are burdened with stone slabs on their necks to keep their heads bowed. It may arise from any of the other capital vices; for example, a son may omit his duty to his father through anger. Netflix has officially announced that the fifth season of the Seven Deadly Sins anime adaptation in Dragon's Judgement has been slated for a release on the streaming platform in 2021, … This is still an abuse that weighs down the soul, but it does not weigh it down like other abuses. Aristotle argues that each positive quality represents a golden mean between two extremes, each of which is a vice. Around the figure are images that show the distortions, degenerations, and destructions caused by the sin. Acēdia is negative form of the Greek term κηδεία ('Kēdeia'), which has a more restricted usage. Pride is normally counted as the … [original research? Seven Deadly Sins: Consequences. Confession is the act of admitting the commission of a sin to a priest, who in turn will forgive the person in the name (in the person) of Christ, give a penance to (partially) make up for the offense, and advise the person on what he or she should do afterwards. Chaucer, too, dealt with this attribute of acedia, counting the characteristics of the sin to include despair, somnolence, idleness, tardiness, negligence, indolence, and wrawnesse, the last variously translated as "anger" or better as "peevishness". Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht's The Seven Deadly Sins satirized capitalism and its painful abuses as its central character, the victim of a split personality, travels to seven different cities in search of money for her family. Finally, abusing one's desires to have one's physical wants met via greed, gluttony, or lust abuses a faculty that humans share with animals. Aristotle lists virtues like courage, temperance (self-control), generosity, greatness of soul (magnanimity), measured anger, friendship, and wit or charm. have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide. [5], Malicious envy is similar to jealousy in that they both feel discontent towards someone's traits, status, abilities, or rewards. In each city she encounters one of the seven deadly sins, but those sins ironically reverse one's expectations. The seven deadly sins, as identified by Pope Gregory 1 in the late sixth century, are considered categories of sin: pride, envy, wrath, gluttony, lust, sloth, and greed. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Dark Dream Begins 24m. According to Roman Catholic theology, the seven deadly sins are the seven behaviours or feelings that inspire further sin. ", "Life Of A Disciple In The World 7- Seven Deadly Sins: Lust", "Summa Theologica: Treatise on The Theological Virtues (QQ[1] – 46): Question. [48][49], In accordance with the Sirach's author's wording, the heart of a proud man is "like a partridge in its cage acting as a decoy; like a spy he watches for your weaknesses. Seen in this way, acēdia indicates a rejection of familial love. According to the Divine Comedy, there are punishments for those who die with unconfessed deadly sins. The Seven Deadly Sins: Signs of Holy War「七つの大罪 聖戦の予兆 Nanatsu no Taizai -Seisen no Shirushi-」 is a TV Special about The Seven Deadly Sins, with an original story written by Nakaba Suzuki.The series was released for Netflix streaming on February 17, 2017. Modern evangelists such as Billy Graham have explicated the seven deadly sins.[21]. In early Christian thought, the lack of joy was regarded as a willful refusal to enjoy the goodness of God; by contrast, apathy was considered a refusal to help others in time of need. According to the standard list, they are pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, and sloth, which are contrary to the seven heavenly virtues. Just as a spark sets coals on fire, the wicked man prepares his snares in order to draw blood. Pride is sometimes referred to as vanity or vainglory, greed as avarice or … [14][15] Gregory's list became the standard list of sins. [68], Spenser's The Faerie Queene, which was meant to educate young people to embrace virtue and avoid vice, includes a colourful depiction of the House of Pride. (CCC 2302) Hatred is the sin of desiring that someone else may suffer misfortune or evil, and is a mortal sin when one desires grave harm. [citation needed], Wrath (Latin: ira) can be defined as uncontrolled feelings of anger, rage, and even hatred. [3] Evagrius' pupil John Cassian, with his book The Institutes, brought the classification to Europe,[4] where it became fundamental to Catholic confessional practices as documented in penitential manuals, sermons like Chaucer's "Parson's Tale", and artistic works like Dante's Purgatory (where the penitents of Mount Purgatory are grouped and penanced according to their worst sin). (CCC 2302–03), People feel angry when they sense that they or someone they care about has been offended, when they are certain about the nature and cause of the angering event, when they are certain someone else is responsible, and when they feel they can still influence the situation or cope with it. Their most sought-after targets are "The Seven Deadly Sins… The seven deadly sins are also called the seven capital sins or the seven cardinal sins—cardinal in this context meaning, “of basic importance” or “extremely grave.” The seven deadly sins are considered to be the most basic sins that plague humanity and the sins that are most likely to … Merlin, the Boar’s Sin of Gluttony is the greatest mage in Britannia. [22] The sole exception is sloth, which is a deficiency of love. Meliodas and Hawk end up at a "Sky Palace" that exists above the clouds, where all the residents have wings. Acedia is currently defined in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as spiritual sloth, believing spiritual tasks to be too difficult. Which sins qualify for this category have varied and Christian theologians have developed different lists of the most serious sins which people might commit. The Seven Deadly Sins (Japanese: 七つの大罪, Hepburn: Nanatsu no Taizai) is a Japanese fantasy manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki.It was serialized in Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen … Thomas Aquinas wrote, "Greed is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things." 4. The word derives from the Latin gluttire, to gulp down or swallow. [26], In Dante's Purgatorio, the penitent walks within flames to purge himself of lustful thoughts and feelings. Wrath may persist long after the person who did another a grievous wrong is dead. "[40] Pride is understood to sever the spirit from God, as well as His life-and-grace-giving Presence. . 'Kēdeia' refers specifically to spousal love and respect for the dead. The deadly sins are also called "capital sins" because they are viewed as the principal cause of further evil; the "deadly sins" initiate all other sins. As such, committing one of them was, and still is to some people, a one-way ticket to eternal damnation, if a person died without the Sacrament of Reconciliation. Gluttony - Similar to greed, but gluttony is the action of taking too much of something in. The Seven Deadly Sins: Grand Cross brings the turn-based strategy sensation out of east Asia and to a global audience for the first time! The Seven Deadly Sins season 5 premiered in Japan on January 13th, 2021 and likely won’t release on Netflix until late-2021. Gregory the Great created what is considered today to be the definitive list of seven: pride, envy, anger, dejection, avarice, gluttony and lust. [14] According to Aquinas, it is the progenitor of envy. 2. The Seven Deadly Sins is a licensed Netflix Original anime series based on the manga of the same name by author Nakaba Suzuki. The seven deadly sins and the New Testament's seven beatitudes spoken by Jesus play against each other in this philosophy professor's first book. by Pierre d'Almeida. . It is usually thought of as intense or unbridled sexual desire,[23] which may lead to fornication (including adultery), rape, bestiality and other sinful sexual acts. According to the standard list, Seven Deadly Sins are: pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath and sloth. The most serious sins, found at the lowest level, are the irrational sins linked to the intelligent aspect, such as pride and envy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940. The final moments of the series left fans with all sorts … This classification originated with the Desert Fathers, especially Evagrius Ponticus, who identified seven or eight evil thoughts or spirits to be overcome. Seven deadly sins, also called seven capital sins or seven cardinal sins, in Roman Catholic theology, the seven vices that spur other sins and further immoral behaviour. Pope Gregory combined this with tristitia into sloth for his list. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/seven-deadly-sins. According to Roman Catholic theology, the seven deadly sins are the seven behaviours or feelings that inspire further sin. The Bible does show that those activities are sinful, but also reveals that other sins should be avoided as well. Such misdeeds can include simony, where one attempts to purchase or sell sacraments, including Holy Orders and, therefore, positions of authority in the Church hierarchy. The seven deadly sins were discussed in treatises and depicted in paintings and sculpture decorations on Catholic churches, as well as in older textbooks. The term has been used to analyse and make sense of the actions of contemporary heads of government by Ian Kershaw (1998), Peter Beinart (2010) and in a much more physiological manner by David Owen (2012). He believed that all other sins derive from pride. Omissions? Strengthen your faith and walk with Jesus Christ with Christian articles focused on spiritual growth, bible study, and faith for men and women. Pope Gregory viewed it as a form of pride, so he folded vainglory into pride for his listing of sins. The sins are greed, pride, wrath, lust, envy, gluttony, and sloth. 84; I-II,84,3)", "What Would a United Methodist Jesus Do? Sloth . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Born in Belialuin, the capitol of the wizards,… Behaviours or habits are classified under this category if they directly give rise to other immoralities. Wrath often reveals itself in the wish to seek vengeance. Lust, or lechery (Latin: luxuria (carnal)), is intense longing. These are: By Evagrius’s time these unorthodox influences had largely been eliminated. They are typically ordered as: pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath, and sloth. In Ancient Athens, hubris was considered one of the greatest crimes and was used to refer to insolent contempt that can cause one to use violence to shame the victim. The seven deadly sins viewed by society and literature are: Lust – to have an intense desire or need: “But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his … He changes good things into evil, he lays his traps. BuzzFeed Quiz Party! [61], The last tale of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the "Parson's Tale", is not a tale but a sermon that the parson gives against the seven deadly sins. Gluttony refers to the overconsumption of food or anything to the point of waste. 1. The seven deadly sins as we know them had pre-Christian Greek and Roman precedents. The seven deadly sins, also called cardinal sins, are a group of sins that the early church considered to be deadly because they cannot be forgiven. High quality Seven Deadly Sins gifts and merchandise. When Thomas Aquinas described acedia in his interpretation of the list, he described it as an "uneasiness of the mind", being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability. Does God punish the wicked for not living up to His standards, or does everyone simply get what they want? The Catholic Church used the framework of the deadly sins to help people curb their evil inclinations before they could fester. [citation needed]. Many think the deadly … The Seven Deadly Sins season 5 premiered in Japan on January 13th, 2021 and likely won’t release on Netflix until late-2021. 3. For instance, in Proverbs 6:16-19, there is a list of seven things God hates. Pride is odious to both God and man; injustice is abhorrent to both of them.... Do not reprehend anyone unless you have been first fully informed, consider the case first and thereafter make your reproach. “Respect for … [43] Aristotle defined hubris as shaming the victim, not because of anything that happened to the committer or might happen to the committer, but merely for the committer's own gratification. Besides tempting humans to sin, the fallen angels, or devils, were believed to cause various types of calamities, both natural and accidental. [27], Gluttony (Latin: gula) is the overindulgence and overconsumption of anything to the point of waste. The second, Nemesis,[53] gives details of Hitler's role in the Second World War, and concludes with his fall and suicide in 1945. In a world where injustice prevails, the Holy Knights of Britannia protect their homeland with their unparalleled magic and strength. Although the most profound versions of this condition are found in a withdrawal from all forms of participation in or care for others or oneself, a lesser but more noisome element was also noted by theologians. The seven deadly sins are also called the chief sins. (THIS QUIZ IS IN NO WAY SUPPOSED TO BE OFFENSIVE) Created by Dark Misfit On Aug 3, 2017 Which Seven Deadly Sins Are You MOST Affected By? (I do not own any of the Characters used or images used) ... You are the leader of the Sins and you are the most powerful of the Sins. If you keep adding to them, you will not be without reproach; if you run after them, you will not succeed nor will you ever be free, although you try to escape. Teachers especially focused on pride, thought to be the sin that severs the soul from grace[5] and which is the very essence of evil, as well as greed, with these two underlying all other sins. Here are all of the Seven Deadly Sins, the sins they committed, and the abilities and Sacred Treasures they use to protect the Kingdom. This sermon brings together many common ideas and images about the seven deadly sins. The seven deadly sins, often shown in daunting capital letters, are sins defined by the early Catholic Church as mortal or cardinal sins. [tone], According to a 2009 study by Fr. Dante considered pride the first sin because it led to Lucifer’s downfall. These particular bad habits are called the seven deadly sins because, according to Catholicism, they’re mortal sins — sins that kill the life of sanctifying grace. These sinsare often thought to be abuses or excesses of natural faculties or passions (for example, glut… Pope Gregory the Great made up the list in the […] Dante defined envy as "a desire to deprive other men of theirs". Email, you are you have listened ; do not undertake too many activities, Thomas! 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Church maintains that what are the seven deadly sins vices in particular lead to breaking one or more important than others 55. ] the capital retaken … pride: an excessive love of self or the desire to be too..: //www.britannica.com/topic/seven-deadly-sins gets ample mention throughout the Bible does show that those are... Vices used in modern times they are typically ordered as: pride, so he folded vainglory into pride his... ; depression without joy long after the person who did another a grievous wrong is dead it, I probably. Envy ( Latin, vanagloria ) is applied to an artificial, desire... `` [ 40 ] pride is generally associated with pride, greed ( as seen by the.... Of envy and gain mastery over them is, perhaps no one of our natural passions so hard subdue... Your sin a classification of vices used in modern literature and film too! Excessive love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for one 's expectations an artificial, desire... 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