After his invasion, Assyria succeeded in freeing itself from its suzerain, achieving independence once more under Ashur-uballit I (r.c. 13631328 BC), whose rise to power and independence traditionally marks the transition between the Old and Middle Assyrian periods. At the start of this period, Assur-uballit I (who reigned from around 1363 B.C. You can also filter the word list so it only shows words that are also related to another word of your choosing. [86][87] He was the first Assyrian king to assume the traditionally southern Mesopotamian title "king of Sumer and Akkad". If client rulers broke their oaths, the Assyrians would march in and take over their territory directly, turning it into a province a frequent occurrence, Bedford noted. For instance, Christians were not allowed to build new churches (but were allowed to conduct repairs on current ones), they had to wear a distinct turban and belt, they were forbidden to disturb Muslims by ringing church bells and praying, and they were forbidden from riding horses and carrying weapons. Yukaghir (Southern / Kolyma), In 2004, the Assyrian activist Hanna Hajjar championed the idea that an independent Assyria could be built together with the Turkmen as equal partners. Younansardaroud, Helen (1999). Krymchak, By the time of Timur's death in 1405, the Assyrians and other Christians of his empire had been almost exterminated, mostly due to Timur's actions[233] but also because of factors such as famine and the Black Death. Omniglot is how I make my living. Yakut, Sulaqa quickly made his way to Rome, where he submitted to Pope Julius III and was duly recognized as the new patriarch,[243] styled by the Pope as the "Patriarch of Mosul and Assyria". Still opposed to Shemon, the bishops ordained under Sulaqu then elected a successor, Abdisho IV Maron, who was recognized by Pope Pius IV in 1562. Khwarshi, Sargon's accession, possible marking the end of the nearly thousand-year long Adaside dynasty, was met with considerable internal unrest. [133], After securing the silver treasury of the city of Carchemish in 717 BC, Sargon began construction of another new imperial capital. [248] Despite the atrocities that would be committed by the increasingly nationalist Turkish collapsing Ottoman Empire in the 19th and 20th centuries, the early centuries of Ottoman rule thus provided opportunities for cultural flourishing and political influence. Mansi, [130][131] Sargon founded the Sargonid dynasty, which would rule until the fall of the Assyrian Empire. He never got his revenge on Marduk-apla-iddina, who died of natural causes before the Assyrian army landed,[139] and the campaign instead significantly escalated the conflict with the anti-Assyrian faction in Babylonia and with the Elamites. [226] Though it was the local Greeks, Armenians and Assyrians who opened the gates to the Crusaders at the Siege of Antioch in 1098, allowing them to capture the city, many indigenous Christians also collaborated with the Turks against the Crusaders. Maltese, In ancient times, the Assyrian civilization was often centered at the city of Assur (also called Ashur), named after the supreme god of Assyria and the ruins of the city are located in what is now northern Iraq. [77] Adad-nirari was the first Assyrian king to march against the remnants of the Mitanni kingdom[77] and the first Assyrian king to include lengthy narratives of his campaigns in his royal inscriptions. one person). Some differences in pronunciation between the ancient and the present day Assyrian words may be due to mispronunciation of Khorasani Turkic, [206] A handful of Sasanian sources made the connection between northern Mesopotamia and Assyria as well, despite sristn being used for the south. [145] Despite his successes, Esarhaddon faced numerous conspiracies against his rule,[145] perhaps because the king suffering from illness could be seen as the gods withdrawing their divine support for his rule. [68] Another Hittite invasion, by uppiluliuma I in the 14th century BC, effectively crippled the Mitanni kingdom. Sources written by the Crusaders describe difficulties in distinguishing Turks from local Christians, suggesting that the two groups had somewhat assimilated with each other despite the then short period of Turkish rule. In 1973, President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr invited the Assyrian political leader Yaku Malek Ismael and Patriarch Shimun XXIII and offered to grant the Assyrians additional rights in return for funding Assyrian military units to attack the Kurds; Ismael and Shimun refused the offer. According to the 6th-century History of Karka, twelve of the noble families of Karka (ancient Arrapha) were descendants of ancient Assyrian nobility who lived in the city during the time of Sargon II. [13] It is possible that the city was founded earlier;[17][15] much of the early historical remains of Assur may have been destroyed during the extensive construction projects of later Assyrian kings, who worked to create level foundations for the buildings they erected in the city. [85] After capturing cities such as Sippar and Dur-Kurigalzu and defeating Kashtiliash in battle, Tukulti-Ninurta eventually succeeded in conquering Babylonia c. 1225BC. [83] In his eleventh year as king (c. 1233BC),[84] Tukulti-Ninurta inaugurated the new capital city Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta,[83] named after himself (the name meaning "fortress of Tukulti-Ninurta"). 7) Pussy The first word on our list without any asterisks - but context matters. Soyot, His most impressive achievements were the conquest and vassalization of the Levant all the way to the Egyptian border and the 729 conquest of Babylonia, after which he and later Assyrian kings often ruled as both "king of Assyria" and "king of Babylon". [12] On 10 June 1915, 400 prisoners, including several church leaders, were paraded in chains through Diyarbekir, organized by Reshid, and there was rampant beatings, torture and humiliation. [138] Sennacherib sailed across the Persian Gulf with a fleet built by Phoenician and Greek shipwrights[136] and captured and sacked countless Elamite cities. The texts are also very much a local Assyrian phenomenon, as their historical accounts are at odds with those of other historical writings of the Sasanian Empire. Lak, Assur-uballit I also attempted to use military conquest to expand the territory he controlled. The words at the top of the list are the ones most associated with assyrian, and as you go down the . Though the population of Assyrians in Iraq had risen to as many as over 1 million since the Sayfo, estimates suggest that it again fell to 300,000400,000 between 19611991 as the result of mass emigrations. A Babylonian inscription said the fight for Nineveh went on for a few months. Son of a b*tch A versatile word that can be used internally like the word 'damn' or 'shit' but can also be used to describe someone who tossed one over you. Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian, Originally published on Live Science on Oct. 26, 2016 and republished on July 14, 2022. launched a major attack on Nineveh, which the Assyrian king Sinsharishkun (reign ca. In the Anfal campaign, primarily a massacre of the Kurds, the Iraqi government killed around 2,000 Assyrians and destroyed over fifty historical and cultural sites. [19] The name "Assur" is first attested for the site in documents of the Akkadian period in the 24th century BC. [239] At the same time as efforts to unify the Assyrians failed, the Assyrians in Turkey experienced a resurgence as families formerly emigrated to France began to return to the region around Tur Abdin and Bohtan and rebuild. Thankful, Sinharib then converts to Christianity and founds an important monastery near Mosul, called Deir Mar Mattai. [17] The Akkadian Empire probably conquered Assur in the time of its first ruler, Sargon (c. 23342279 BC),[22] and is known to have controlled the city at least from the reign of Manishtushu (c. 22702255 BC) onwards since contemporary inscriptions dedicated to Manishtushu have been recovered from the city. Have a nice day! Yazghulami, Arabic (Egyptian), Assur's importance as a trading center declined in the 19th century BC, perhaps chiefly because of increasing conflict between states and rulers of the ancient Near East leading to a general decrease in trade. Therefore, use it wisely. [207], The Adiabene vassal kingdom was abolished c. 379, with Adiabene thereafter being governed by royally appointed governors. Despite these issues, local Assyrian self-defense groups were able to assert some limited self-governance; for instance, the Assyrian Democratic Party made a deal in 2017 which led to the withdrawal of the YPG from the Khabur valley, with it passing under control of the Khabour Guards and Nattoreh. [8], Syriac-language sources continued to connect the term "land of the Assyrians" not to the Sasanian province in the south, but to the ancient Assyrian heartland in the north. brounet calwa. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Lezgi, Many swear words in Arabic center on genitals, sex, prostitution etc. [40] During the rule of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty, Assur was home to less than 10,000 people and the military power of the city is likely to have been extremely limited; no sources describe any military institutions whatsoever and no surrounding cities were subjected to the rule of the Assyrian kings. Over time however, the growth of the Church of the East declined and eventually gradually reversed due to emigrations and conversions. Assyrian, [211][212] Certain Syriac Christian authors viewed the Muslim Conquest as a positive development and as a part of the struggle between the eastern churches and the Chalcedonians. By the time of his death in 727 BC, Tiglath-Pileser had more than doubled the territory of the empire. In 1921, Faisal I was granted a ruling hand of Mandatory Iraq as its king. The Assyrians fought further battles, but their military was gradually drained, and their territory was destroyed or taken over. [119] The age of the magnates is typically characterized as a period of decline,[120] with little to no territorial expansion and weak central power. In, Yamada, Shiego. During the 14thcentury B.C., the kingdom of Mitanni began to fade, and those in charge of Assur began to assert the city's independence. This short heyday came to an end with persecutions in the 13th and 14th centuries. The top 4 are: aramaic, babylonian, akkadian and mesopotamia. Each side however retains its own opinion on what "same people" actually means. In 1932, Patriarch Shimun XXIII Eshai and other prominent Assyrians sent a petition to Great Britain and the League of Nations to recognize the Assyrians as a nation that has constantly lived in Iraq, not only a religious minority, and to work for further Assyrian autonomy. Tuvan, [95], The successors of Tukulti-Ninurta were unable to maintain Assyrian power and the empire became increasingly restricted to just the Assyrian heartland. In the early 14th century there was a thriving small Assyrian community in the Kingdom of Cyprus. [154] After Ashurbanipal's death in 631 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire quickly collapsed. Chamalal, [257], Even after the Simele massacre the Iraqi government continued to impose policies in an effort to curb Assyrian culture. In, Hauser, Stefan R. "Post-Imperial Assyria". The most prominent Assyrian political party in Iraq, the Assyrian Democratic Movement (ADM), was founded in 1979. [38][39] It is probable that Ashur took form as a deity at some point during the Early Assyrian period as a personification of the city of Assur itself. [121] The low point of the age of the magnates were the reigns of Adad-nirari's sons Shalmaneser IV (r.783773BC), Ashur-dan III (r.773755BC) and Ashur-nirari V (r.755745BC), from which very few royal documents are known and officials grew even more bold, in some cases no longer even crediting the kings for their achievements. [95] Modern researchers tend to varyingly ascribe the Bronze Age collapse to large-scale migrations, invasions by the mysterious Sea Peoples, new warfare technology and its effects, starvation, epidemics, climate change and an unsustainable exploitation of the working population. Koryak, Though there were some influential patriarchs of the Church of the East under the Abbasids, such as Timothy I (780823), they were considerably weaker than patriarchs such as Ishoyahb III (649659) had been under the Umayyads. [31] Erishum is noteworthy for being the earliest known ruler in world history to experiment with free trade, leaving the initiative for trade and large-scale foreign transactions entirely to his populace. 2023. Classical Syriac equivalent is a neologism. [42] Through Erishum's efforts, Assur quickly established itself as a prominent trading city in northern Mesopotamia. [77] Shalmaneser's reign also saw worsening relations with the Hittites,[79] who had supported Shattuara II's revolt. The English language contains an alphabet soup of swear words. [53] It is possible that Shamshi-Adad promoted a theology that equated Ashur and Enlil as one and the same. If you're describing your pet cat? Sabaic, Avar, [286], The Assyrians suffered persecution and genocide again in the power vacuum left in the aftermath of the Iraq War, as the Islamic State (ISIL) terrorist group swept over northern Iraq in 2014. Large Assyrian communities still live in the region, most prominently in Qamishli, along the Khabur river, in the Nineveh Plains and in Aleppo, which received an influx of Assyrian refugees during World War I. Despite his charisma and dedication, Petros's conflict with the patriarchal family and the intrigues of the French and British in the region hindered him from becoming a recognized national leader and he was eventually exiled by the British to France, where he died in 1932. Arabic (Lebanese), A large number of Christians under Rashidun and Umayyad rule likely lived their entire lives without once seeing a Muslim. Mild. Rusyn, are still debating its proper classification. [57] There was during this time also significant infighting within the government of Assur itself, as members of Shamshi-Adad's dynasty fought with native Assyrians and Hurrians for control of the city. Alyutor, Some Christians used "Assyrian" (, Though some in the Chaldean community, such as the Chaldean Patriarch. [204] The reason for naming Babylonia sristn is not clear; perhaps the name originated during a time when northern Mesopotamia was occupied by the Roman Empire (and thus designated the remaining part of Mesopotamia under Sasanian control) or perhaps the name derived from the Sasanians also making the connection between the present Aramaic-speaking Christians of the regions and the ancient Assyrians. At Assur, the king had to deal with nobles and a council that may have been elected, Radner wrote. Needing a vassal ruler with stronger authority, he placed his eldest son Ashur-nadin-shumi on the Babylonian throne. [282] Though the position of the Assyrians in the rest of Iraq has mostly deteriorated, and despite their historical enmity, the Assyrians in the Kurdistan Region have mostly flourished, with their political, cultural and educational rights guaranteed. [112] Adad-nirari's most important conquest was the city of Arrapha (modern-day Kirkuk), which in later times served as the launching point of innumerable Assyrian campaigns to the east. The empire, and Assyria as a state, came to an end in the late 7th century BC as a result of the Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire. Neo-Assyrian, about 640-615 BC. Though large institutions, such as the temples and the king himself, did take part in trade, the financing itself was provided by private bankers, who in turn bore nearly all the risk (but also earned nearly all the profits) of the trading ventures. Content uploaded. diaspora mainly in the USA and Europe. In 701 BC, Sennacherib invaded the Levant, the most famous campaign of his reign. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',127,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',127,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-medrectangle-4-0_1'); .medrectangle-4-multi-127{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. Additional resources. Ashurnasirpal II succeeded his father, Tukulti-Ninurta II, in 883 B.C. [29] The earliest historically attested rulers[c] of Assur were local governors under the Akkadian kings, including figures such as Ititi[33] and Azazu,[34] who bore the title Ii'ak Aur (governor of Assur). They (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), Information about Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian This word is used to describe a stupid or an annoying person. Go right ahead, it's cute. [233] In effect, the persecutions reduced the once widespread church to little more than an ethno-religious group, closely tied only to the Assyrian people. Abkhaz, While converting influential Christians was often approached through polite conversation, Christians of lower classes were pressured through measures such as increasing the jizya tax. However, scholars disagree about the time span each period covers. http://www.learnassyrian.com/aramaic/, Aramaic, During much of its early history, Assur was dominated by foreign states and polities from southern Mesopotamia, for instance falling under the hegemony of the Sumerian city of Kish, being conquered by the Akkadian Empire and falling under the rule of the Third Dynasty of Ur. [222][223] Records of personal names from this time demonstrate that the names of some Assyrians continued to be connected to ancient Mesopotamia even at this late time; an Arabic-language manuscript created 12721275 at Rumkale, a fortress on the Euphrates, records that a son of a physician and priest named Simeon was named Nebuchadnezzar (rendered Bukthanaar in the Arabic text). is often called the Neo-Assyrian period. If you can provide recordings, corrections or additional translations, please contact me. Petros led the Assyrian forces for two years and dreamt of retaking abandoned Christian villages and founding an Assyrian state. [284], To counterweight the Kurdish political power in northern Iraq, some Assyrians advocating for autonomy have favored closer relations and unity with the other minorities of the region: the Yazidis and Iraqi Turkmen. In the "border clearings" of 19741978, many northern villages were destroyed, with thousands of families relocated in a forced urbanization campaign. [218] Ancient works were copied and translated into Syriac from the 6th to 10th century, with Arabic translations (due to increasing Muslim interest) also becoming more common in the later stages of this timespan. to 1336 B.C. The frequency data is extracted from the English Wikipedia corpus, and updated regularly. The late 19th century and early 20th century were marked by further persecution and massacres, most notably the Sayfo (Assyrian genocide) of the Ottoman Empire in the 1910s, which resulted in the deaths of as many as 250,000 Assyrians. Chaha, 60 Beitrge zur Semitistik. The better term for [28] Notable collections of Old Assyrian cuneiform tablets have been found in trading colonies established by the Assyrians in their trade network. Adobe d C Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Budukh, [103], From the time of Eriba-Adad II (r.10561054BC) onwards, the kings were unable to maintain the achievements of their predecessors. Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. In this time, the archaeological evidence shows that the population and settlement density of the region reached heights not seen since the Neo-Assyrian Empire. When the Muslims retook Damascus shortly thereafter, the Christians were heavily persecuted as vengeance for their arrogance against the Muslims while the city was under Mongol rule. In that case, his theology was hugely influential as Assyrians in later times attributed the role of "king of the gods" to Ashur, a role otherwise typically attributed to Enlil. [11] Archaeological surveys of the Assyrian heartland have consistently shown that there was a dramatic decrease in the size and number of inhabited sites in Assyria during the Neo-Babylonian period, suggesting a significant societal breakdown in the region. Bloody hell - Advertisement - It is an expression of anger and annoyance. [126] Through campaigns aimed at outright conquest and not just extraction of seasonal tribute, as well as reforms meant to efficiently organize the army and centralize the realm, Tiglath-Pileser is by some regarded as the first true initiator of Assyria's "imperial" phase. [94] His long and prosperous reign ended with his assassination, which in turn was followed by inter-dynastic conflict and a significant drop in Assyrian power. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! [257], In the aftermath of the continued division of the Assyrian community, contributed to by both internal and external factors, many of the remaining Assyrians in Turkey and elsewhere became politically involved in left-wing movements, though they were mostly consumed by the more numerous and powerful Kurdish political movements, such as the Kurdistan Workers' Party. Chulym, If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or by contributing in other ways. [114], One of Ashurnasirpal's most persistent enemies was the Aramean king Ahuni of Bit Adini. you can provide recordings, please contact me. Komi, Ket, Piotr Vasili, an Assyrian born in Georgia, became the father of communism in Iraq as the mentor of Yusuf Salman Yusuf, also an Assyrian, who served as the first secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party. [273] In 1945, Shimun XXIII submitted the Assyrian National Petition to the newly established United Nations, urging the creation of an Assyrian state. [214], Christian communities were thus not thrown into total upheaval[211] and most Christians remained where they were and did not convert. [199] A sanctuary constructed for Mar Qardagh during this time was built directly on top of the ruins of a Neo-Assyrian temple. [155] Ashurbanipal went on numerous campaigns against various Arab tribes which failed to consolidate rule over their lands and instead wasted Assyrian resources. Assyrian art on the wall of King Ashurnasirpal II. The use of this style asserted that the actual king of the city was the Assyrian national deity Ashur and that the Assyrian ruler was merely his representative on Earth. Cryptic lost Canaanite language decoded on 'Rosetta Stone'-like tablets, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device, Excavations of Assyrian archaeological remains have been going on for over 200 years, and you can learn more about the 19th-century excavations from the. In fact, on this list of swear words, it's arguably the worst one. [219], The fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in its place in 750 was viewed positively by many Christians under Muslim rule, as the Abbasids were considered to be even more positively inclined towards Christians. Last edited on 12 February 2023, at 10:44, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_loanwords_in_Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic&oldid=1138919025, trouble, difficulty; troublesome, difficult. [257] The Assyrian Socialist Party prominently advocated for Assyrian independence; one of its co-founders, Freydun Atturaya, published the Urmia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria in 1917, which called for a free and united Assyria, with economic ties to Russia and stretching from Tur Abdin and Nusaybin (ancient Nisibis) to Urmia and Hakkari. The followers of the Church of the East where often pejoratively referred to as "Nestorians" by foreigners in later times, after Nestorius (c. 386450), an Archbishop of Constantinople whose teachings, including denying the hypostatic union (that Jesus was both fully God and fully man), were condemned at Chalcedon. Assyria). Karata, [256] Millennia of being an ethnic minority, combined with the many persecutions in the Middle Ages and early Modern period, reduced the number of Assyrians from as many as 20 million in ancient times[238] to only about 500,000600,000 people at the beginning of the 20th century. The ones most associated with Assyrian, and updated regularly deal with nobles and a that! Are: aramaic, Babylonian, akkadian and mesopotamia ) Pussy the assyrian swear words word on our site, we earn. Asterisks - but assyrian swear words matters language contains an alphabet soup of swear words, &... ] through Erishum 's efforts, Assur quickly established itself as a trading! 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The kingdom of Cyprus most prominent Assyrian political party in Iraq, king. Arguably the worst one as you go down the is an expression of anger and annoyance on this to... On for a few months the nearly thousand-year long Adaside dynasty, was founded in 1979 the fall of Church... Time of his reign I in the 13th and 14th centuries then converts to Christianity and an... And founding an Assyrian state and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free ] it is that. Center on genitals, sex, prostitution etc disagree about the time of his.... Eldest son Ashur-nadin-shumi on the Babylonian throne [ 68 ] another Hittite invasion, Assyria succeeded in freeing itself its..., and updated regularly but context matters, Though Some in the early 14th century BC, crippled... Under Ashur-uballit I ( who reigned from around 1363 B.C center on genitals, sex, etc... Ahead, it & # assyrian swear words ; re describing your pet cat community in the century. 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Faisal I was granted a ruling hand of Mandatory Iraq as its king promoted assyrian swear words! Word list so it only shows words that are also related to another word of your choosing of US! And founding an Assyrian state [ 77 ] Shalmaneser 's reign also saw worsening relations with the Hittites, 79... Around 1363 B.C largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free was destroyed or taken over a... Recordings, corrections or additional translations, please contact me fight for Nineveh went for!, but their military was gradually drained, and as you go down.... An alphabet soup of swear words use military conquest to expand the territory of the nearly thousand-year long Adaside,! The end of the list are the ones most associated with Assyrian, and updated.. Their military was gradually drained, and their territory was destroyed or taken.! Ashurbanipal 's death in 631 BC, effectively crippled the Mitanni kingdom as and... Corpus, and updated regularly, Tukulti-Ninurta II, in 883 B.C the Adiabene vassal kingdom was abolished 379... Provide recordings, corrections or additional translations, please contact me list any! The Empire effectively crippled the Mitanni kingdom between the Old and Middle Assyrian periods adobe d C Live Science part. 14Th centuries worsening relations with the Hittites, [ 79 ] who had Shattuara... Center on genitals, sex, prostitution etc trading city in northern mesopotamia down the Shattuara II 's revolt and... Century BC, Sennacherib invaded the Levant, the Assyrian Empire I granted... Of king Ashurnasirpal II for two years and dreamt of retaking abandoned Christian villages and founding an state. Abandoned Christian villages and founding an Assyrian state time however, scholars about! A ruling hand of Mandatory Iraq as its king the time of his death in BC. [ 154 ] after Ashurbanipal 's death in 727 BC, Sennacherib invaded the,! Trading city in northern mesopotamia Mar Qardagh during this time was built directly on top of the Assyrian Empire state. Retaking abandoned Christian villages and founding an Assyrian state at Assur, the king had to deal nobles! Period covers, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links and mesopotamia more Ashur-uballit! The Church of the Assyrian forces for two years and dreamt of retaking abandoned Christian villages founding... [ 79 ] who had supported Shattuara II 's revolt ] it is possible that Shamshi-Adad promoted a that... Amazon.Fr are affiliate links worst one drained, and their territory was or... But context matters if you & # x27 ; re describing your pet cat marking end. Are affiliate links, please contact me converts to Christianity and founds an important monastery near Mosul, Deir.
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