Tweet. The diary covered the period January 1942-January 1944. He was thrown into his own jail.[15]. Simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. The Australians held firm and began their counterdrive on 26 September. In the first months of 1942, the Japanese launched further attacks against British Burma, Australian-administered New Guinea and Papua, and the islands of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). No. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. Urgent information was extracted before rushing the documents on to the Advanced Echelon where they were sorted, stamped, examined, and translated as necessary. He did successfully conduct the Western New Guinea campaign in 1944 which liberated much of Dutch New Guinea. [53], Meanwhile, the infantry continued their advance inland. At Anguar Island in the Western Carolinas in early September 1944, agents from the 81st CIC Detachment, with the 81st Infantry Division, captured a large volume of records, including blueprints, books, miscellaneous documents, files, 40 pounds of mail, and Japanese currency and coins. The US Navy Submarine USS Crevalle (SS 291) was sent to recover the documents and cipher codes. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. The battle was an unqualified success for the Allied forces, resulting in a withdrawal by the Japanese to a new strategic defense line in the west of New Guinea and the abandonment of all positions in the east of the island. The gunners got a lot of practice; Port Moresby suffered its 78th raid on 17 August 1942. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. hbspt.enqueueForm({ [8], The Japanese high command intended to hold Hollandia. It was a grisly task, but a military necessity since Japanese soldiers do not surrender and within swimming distance of shore, they could not be allowed to land and join the Lae garrison. Once the war ended, Southeast Asia Command Field Security Sections were assigned to seize records that, among other things, could be used for the prosecution of war criminals. The three supporting U.S. cruisers and destroyers began their bombardment around 06:00, concentrating on targets around the entrance to Jautefa Bay and Hollandia. [48][55], According to historian Stanley Kirby, the collapse of Japanese resistance was due to a lack of preparedness, changes in the command structure and a lack of combat troops; many of the 11,000 men based there were administrative and support units. Incidence of malaria was almost one hundred per cent. It was canceled in favour of a daring jump to Hollandia (now Jayapura) in Netherlands New Guinea, bypassing the Japanese strongholds at Wewak and Hansa Bay. Instructions were issued to the assaulting forces personnel not to pocket captured documents as souvenirs but to turn them over to JICPOA personnel.[10]. In many instances these organizations were staffed with translators trained in military and naval language schools in the United States. [26] Aircraft based at Port Moresby and Milne Bay fought to prevent the Japanese from basing aircraft at Buna, and attempted to prevent the Japanese reinforcement of the Buna area. Interestingly enough, among these records was a complete listing of the Japanese Imperial Army Ordnance Inventory. During the period of October 1942-July 1943, the work of indexing, abstracting and collating information from captured documents and prisoners of war, answering internal queries, and providing information to assist translators and examiners, was carried on by a staff consisting of six officers and ten enlisted personnel. In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. [47], I-Go demonstrated that the Japanese command was not learning the lessons of air power that the Allies were. This information was transferred to a G-2 overlay and became a factor in the tactics adopted in that particular operation. At Sanananda the swamp and jungle were typhus-ridden crawling roots reached out into stagnant pools infested with mosquitoes and numerous crawling insects every foxhole filled with water. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. None of the senior officers present had been in post more than a few weeks and the senior air officer had been relieved following the destruction of his air forces at the beginning of April. 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. Full translations of captured enemy publications such as field manuals, technical manuals, and intelligence reports, were published as Enemy Publications. These were supported by a force of eight escort carriers of the 5th Fleet. The beach quickly became congested, as it had also been the center of a Japanese supply dump prior to the assault, and engineers had to work to clear the area with bulldozers and construct a roadway to the beach's only exit. It stated also that the land offensive was scheduled to commence some time in the middle of November. Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. There were also other ATIS publications, based on captured documents and interrogations, such as Advanced Echelon Reports, Philippine Series Translations, and Interrogation Spot Reports. When the Japanese invaded New Guinea in early 1942, they began a struggle for control of the island which would last until the end of the Second World War. Later, the procedure was altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases. [36] The air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces in New Guinea. CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. Others included information about the Psychology in the Japanese Armed Forces (No. Taking the airfield at Wau was a crucial step in this process, and to this end, the 51st Division was transferred from Indochina and placed under General Hitoshi Imamura's Eighth Area Army at Rabaul; one regiment arrived at Lae in early January 1943. Gen. Frank D. Merrill, captured 2 tons of documents at Myitkyina, Burma. The most important find was a set of plans and specifications for some of the defenses encountered on the island. After taking evasive routes to the west of the Admiralty Islands to avoid air attack,[42] the convoy turned back towards their objective late in the afternoon. This information resulted in the Americans speeding up their invasion convoy by a day. It was not just on the islands that important information was captured. The heavy cruiser Nachi, which was sunk in Manila Bay in November 1944, provided a massive quantity of annotated charts of minefields and defenses, diaries, logs, blueprints, fleet operation plans and orders dating back to before the Pearl Harbor attack, and numerous books on Japanese naval tactics and doctrine. As the body of available material continued to grow, individual studies based on information available to ATIS were produced as Information Bulletins on subjects of general interest. [30], The D'Entrecasteaux Islands lie directly off the northeast coast of the lower portion of the Papuan peninsula. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. Nimitz offered to assign eight small escort carriers to support the landing at Aitape, with these vessels then proceeding to support operations at Hollandia until 11 May. This discovery resulted in a hurried revision of the assault plans regarding these islands. In September 1945 they seized in Singapore important documentary evidence of war crimes, including photographs showing captured Indian soldiers being executed for refusing to join with Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army. It would commit all the remaining Japanese naval power to one last major battle with the Allies. MacArthur, the supreme commander in the area, also commanded all U.S. Army troops in the Southwest Pacific in his capacity as commanding general, U.S. Army Forces in the Far East. This was done to fool the Japanese into believing that the documents had not been discovered by the Allies. [8] At the start of 1943, ICPOA was basically dealing with intercepted messages because not that many prisoners of war or documents had been captured. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian-administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea (23 January) and the Australian Territory of Papua (21 July) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. Fukudome was still carrying the Z Plan and the cipher codes. [19], Allied planners estimated Japanese forces around Hollandia at around 14,000 troops in total. [48] These meager results were not commensurate with either the resources expended or the expectations that had been promoted. ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. Actual Allied losses amounted to one destroyer, one oiler, one corvette, two cargo ships and approximately 25 aircraft. . Todays post is by Dr. Greg Bradsher, Senior Archivist at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. [17] It proved difficult to accurately estimate the size and composition of the Japanese defenses, as attempts to infiltrate reconnaissance parties in the area failed. [65][18] In mid-July, the Japanese launched their counterattack with around 20,000 troops, resulting in heavy fighting further inland during the Battle of Driniumor River. 17 with Allied and Japanese Operations Among Natives of Dutch New Guinea; No. (Map 2) Invasion of Dutch New Guinea. Subsequently, Supplements No. With the occupation of Morotai, the long drive up the New Guinea coast was strategically completed. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. Base ATIS was closed at Brisbane on June 4, 1945, and established several weeks later in Manila. Free shipping for many products! The PTs turned their guns on, and hurled depth charges at the three boats which, with over a hundred men on board, sank. The town itself was on the shore of Humboldt Bay, with a first-class anchorage. Beleaguered, the survivors of the Japanese garrison were evacuated by submarine on the night of 26 October. [58], Japanese casualties amounted to 3,300 killed and 600 wounded in combat;[59] a further 1,146 were killed or died in the area up to 27 September 1944. The Allies proceeded to turn the island into an air base. [37], The Allies conducted a deception operation to ensure that the Japanese continued to believe that they would land at Hansa Bay rather than Hollandia. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. The Navy played a crucial role in operations to take Japanese airfields. On November 4th, a Japanese 16th Division Operations Order, dated October 31st, was captured. Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. [5], According to John Laffin, the campaign "was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II". Forward positions would first be established at Milne Bay, located in the forked eastern end of the Papuan peninsula, and at Buna, a village on the northeast coast of Papua about halfway between Huon Gulf and Milne Bay. It was placed under the direction of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J-2), Joint Staff, CINCPAC, and CINCPOA (Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas). The B-29s in the Pacific, forming a part of the U.S. 20th Air Force, were controlled by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting through Gen. Henry (Hap) Arnold, commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces. portalId: 20973928, This information was given to the 163rd Infantry Regiment of the 41st Infantry Division who used it in subsequent offensive operations. [36], The Australians decisively turned back the Japanese assault in the ensuing 2931 January 1943 Battle of Wau. Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. The operation consisted of two landings, one at Tanahmerah Bay and the other at Humboldt Bay, near Hollandia. They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. One of the difficulties encountered by the ATIS in translating Japanese documents was the condition in which they were often received. By 22 August, about 8,500 Australians and 1,300 Americans were on site. The Americans landed at Hollandia and Aitape simultaneously on 22 April with the aim of bypassing the Japanese stronghold at Wewak and thus leaving the Japanese 18th Army isolated and cut off there. German New Guinea Stamps, Dutch Dutch & Colonies Cover Stamps, Dutch Stamps, "[32], "Also formidable was the tenacity of the enemy, who would fight to the death in these stinking holes, starving, diseased and with their dead rotting and unburied beside them. In the Southwest Pacific Area, aside from the creation of the Far Eastern Air Force, there were few changes. See Appendix I for information about the ATIS publication program. Reports were issued when sufficient information on any subject had been collated to warrant publication. Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 09:02. The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United States Army infantry divisions being committed on the ground. Other organizations were established throughout the Pacific Theater to translate and exploit the records. [4][23], The main landings at Hollandia would be made at two locations. The Admiralty Islands having been seized a month ahead of schedule, MacArthur accelerated his advance. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 120, The first strike, on 7 April, was against Allied shipping in the waters between Guadalcanal and Tulagi. After July 1944, however, documents, including published translations, were prepared under the imprint of CINCPAC-CINCPOA, and the title JICPOA was used only for administrative purposes. [44], I-Go was to be carried out in two phases, one against the lower Solomons and one against Papua. On 24 April, the beach became more congested with the arrival of scheduled reinforcements and further equipment, as well as two transports and seven LSTs carrying troops, including the corps commander and his headquarters, which had been diverted from Tanahmerah Bay. [citation needed], Three factors conspired to create disaster for the Japanese. [2] SEATIC was part of the South East Asia Command, established at New Delhi, India in November 1943 and moved to Kandy, Ceylon, on April 15, 1944. Land-based aircraft of the Allied air forces softened up the Hollandia area, destroying more than 300 enemy aircraft during the weeks preceding the attack. The Royal Australian Air Force and Dutch air units remained under Kenneys control as part of the Allied Air Forces, while the Royal New Zealand Air Force, together with certain U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy land-based air units, continued to operate along the Solomon Islands axis. Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. [12] Initially, the intelligence product of JICPOA received no CINCPAC-CINCPOA authentication. During the so-called atoll campaign in the Pacific, US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army personnel captured many valuable documents on various islands. [64][66] Both Humboldt and Tanahmerah were developed with naval base, ammunition, repair and fuel facilities. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. Red 1 was found to be better, allowing LVTs and LCMs to come ashore with their infantry charges, but the approaches had to be cleared by engineers to allow the passage of the larger LCMs and even after this had been completed. In the meantime another landing was made at Aitape in Australian New Guinea, about 125 miles (roughly 200 km) southeast of Hollandia, where Australian engineers soon completed an airstrip. [14] The 18th Army did not plan for the defense of Hollandia, and the Army Air Force and Naval units stationed there had little opportunity to develop plans due to the rapid turnover of their leadership. Documents recovered from the bodies of dead Japanese, members of a Special Suicide Penetration Unit, killed near San Fabian, Luzon, on January 19, 1945, gave full accounts of the units and personnel involved. The inventory provided a complete listing of specific weapons, their condition and number in stock, storage locations, and place of manufacture. While it was beyond MacArthur's capabilities to deny Buna to the Japanese, the same could not be said of Milne Bay, which was easily accessible by Allied naval forces. It was later thought that 3000 troops from the 6th Sea Detachment were in the area, and reinforcements were being rapidly transferred there. . the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Navys campaign in the central Pacific. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet. Seven LSTs were also assigned. Joseph J. Rochefort (of the Battle of Midway code-breaking fame). Operation Reckless, the invasion of Hollandia and Aitape of 22-27 April 1944, was one of the most dramatic leapfrogging operations during the New Guinea campaign, and saw American forces bypass the strong Japanese bases at Wewak and Hansa Bay and capture key bases for MacArthur's planned return to the Philippines. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. I am estimating that a cubic foot of records is 2,500 pages. 1, List of Japanese Military Conventional Signs and Abbreviations (March 4, 1943); No. [43][44] Meanwhile, carrier-borne aircraft attacked targets around Wakde, Sarmi and Hollandia from 21 April, destroying at least 33 Japanese planes in the air and more on the ground. 2, Alphabetical List of 40,000 Japanese Army Officer (May 1943); No. graduate Hollandia. If the transports succeeded in staying behind a weather front and were protected the whole way by fighters from the various airfields surrounding the Bismarck Sea, they might make it to Lae with an acceptable level of loss, i.e., at worst half the task force would be sunk en route. The defeat of the Japanese invasion of Milne Bay by 5 September 1942 was the first Allied land victory over the Japanese. On September 6, 1943, ICPOA was designated a joint Army-Navy-Marine organization by a CINCPAC directive and was given the name Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. Written orders including route, objective of raid, and extent to which enemy intended to rely on these new tactics were also included. MacArthur was further determined to conquer all of New Guinea in his progress toward the eventual recapture of the Philippines. This involved air attacks and naval bombardments on the Wewak area, and faked landings of reconnaissance patrols. Dutch Indies Japan Nava Occupation Sulawesi GORONTALO with orange disc (2X) $3.25 . During the early stages of the planning process MacArthur's headquarters believed that two Japanese infantry regiments may have been in the Hollandia area, but this was later discounted. It was captured and was found to be carrying a Japanese message. During the first week of March 1945, I Corps ATIS Advanced Echelon on Luzon translated four top secret Japanese operational orders made between February 26th-March 2nd. [5] The first Nisei linguists were tested when the Marines invaded Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942 and flew prisoners of war and captured Japanese documents were sent a short distance away to New Caledonia for processing by the Nisei language team attached to Task Force 6814. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese . This information and the examination of shattered emplacements by engineers enabled marine and navy experts to construct in Hawaii exact copies of the Japanese pillboxes on Tarawa and then find the best way to destroy them. Although the quantity of documents captured in South East Asia and China were not as voluminous as those found elsewhere, nevertheless there were major collections captured. [43], The remaining destroyers with about 2,700 surviving troops limped back to Rabaul. By the time the Allied bombers and PT boats finished their work on 3 March, Kimura had lost all eight transports and four of his eight destroyers. Most Japanese troops never even came into contact with Allied forces, and were instead simply cut off and subjected to an effective blockade by Allied naval forces. MacArthur's rollback began with the 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Battle of Buna-Gona. They were discontinued with the dissolution of the Philippine Island Research Section of ATIS on October 9, 1944. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. This resulted in considerable fatigue for the air crews. The loss of Hollandia made the Japanese strategic defense line at Wakde, to the west, and all Japanese positions to the east untenable. The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. Instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field 22 January 1943 Battle of.... ( of the defenses encountered on the night of 26 October plans and specifications for some the... Dr. Greg Bradsher, Senior Archivist at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland to which intended. 44 ], the intelligence product of JICPOA received No CINCPAC-CINCPOA authentication, and reinforcements were being rapidly there... Highly unsuitable and the Philippines and boats also provided large quantities of documents captured in the speeding. 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